Health is usually defined as the absence of pathology. Here, we endeavor to define health
as a compendium of organizational and dynamic features that maintain physiology. The …

Over the past two decades, compelling evidence has emerged indicating that immune
mechanisms can contribute to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and …

An increasing recognition that brain and body are dynamically coupled has enriched our
scientific understanding of mental health conditions. Peripheral signals interact centrally to …

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of
biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied …

INTRODUCTION Depression is an episodic form of mental illness, yet the circuit-level
mechanisms driving the induction, remission, and recurrence of depressive episodes over …

Studies suggest that heightened peripheral inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of
major depressive disorder. We investigated the effect of chronic social defeat stress, a …

To continuously process neural activity underlying sensation, movement and cognition, the
CNS requires a homeostatic microenvironment that is not only enriched in nutrients to meet …

Crosstalk between inflammatory pathways and neurocircuits in the brain can lead to
behavioural responses, such as avoidance and alarm, that are likely to have provided early …

Amyloid plaques, mainly composed of abnormally aggregated amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the
brain parenchyma, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau …

Myriad clinical findings provide links between chronic stressors, inflammation, and mood
disorders. Furthermore, traumatic or chronic exposure to psychological stressors may …