Scholarship on elites and foreign policy has made important advances in identifying who
elites are, what elites want, and how elites influence foreign policy. This review assesses …

The discipline of political science has developed an active research program on the
development, operation, spread, and impact of international legal norms, agreements, and …

Why do international organizations (IOs) look so different, yet so similar? The possibilities
are diverse. Some international organizations have just a few member states, while others …

We present a new cross-national measure of de facto judicial independence, which is
available for 200 countries from 1948 to 2012. To do so, we introduce a statistical …

Under pressure from globalisation, the classical distinction between domestic and
international law has become increasingly blurred, spurring demand for new paradigms to …

There is a new empirical turn in international legal scholarship. Building on decades of
theoretical work in law and social science, a new generation of empirical studies is …

At the twentieth anniversary of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the WTO's dispute
settlement system is celebrated as one of the organization's biggest achievements. Although …

In International Relations applications, theorists employing Principal—Agent (P—A) theory
have posited that the fact of delegation defines a relationship between states (collective …

Can international judges be relied upon to resolve disputes impartially? If not, what are the
sources of their biases? Answers to these questions are critically important for the …

There is broad agreement in the literature that international courts (ICs) make decisions with
bounded discretion in relation to state governments. However, the scope of this discretion …