The timing of initial collision between India and Asia has remained controversial for half a
century. This paper attempts to review this crucial and hotly debated argument, describing …

Subduction zones not only return oceanic lithosphere into the mantle, but are also sites
where chemical components are transferred from the downgoing plate back to the surface in …

The lower plate is the dominant agent in modern convergent margins characterized by
active subduction, as negatively buoyant oceanic lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere …

This hands-on introduction to numerical geodynamic modelling provides a solid grounding
in the necessary mathematical theory and techniques, including continuum mechanics and …

The inception of plate tectonics on Earth and its subsequent evolution are discussed on the
basis of theoretical considerations and observational constraints. The likelihood of plate …

Crust extracted from the mantle in arcs is refined into continental crust in subduction zones.
During sediment subduction, subduction erosion, arc subduction, and continent subduction …

The composition of much of Earth's lower continental crust is enigmatic. Wavespeeds
require that 10–20% of the lower third is mafic, but the available heat-flow and wavespeed …

High-pressure low-temperature (HP–LT) metamorphic rocks provide invaluable constraints
on the evolution of convergent zones. Based on a worldwide compilation of key information …

The Himalayan range exposes a spectacular assemblage of metamorphic rocks from the
mid-and deep crust that have fostered numerous models of how the crust responds to …

In the early 1980s, evidence that crustal rocks had reached temperatures> 1000° C at
normal lower crustal pressures while others had followed low thermal gradients to record …