The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11
families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of …

cAMP is a second messenger that controls many key cellular functions. The only way to
inactivate cAMP is to degrade it through the action of cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) …

The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating levels of
the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as a …

Four decades have passed since Sutherland and Rall (1) reported the presence of cyclic
nucleotide hydrolyzing activity in extracts of a variety of tissues. This enzymatic activity …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) comprise a superfamily of
metallophosphohydrolases that specifically cleave the 3′, 5′-cyclic phosphate moiety of …

Cyclic nucleotides are second messengers that are essential in vision, muscle contraction,
neurotransmission, exocytosis, cell growth, and differentiation. These molecules are …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases
(PDE4) cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterases. Inhibitors …

Correspondence to Marco Conti: contim@ obgyn. ucsf. edu Abbreviations used in this
paper: AKAP, A kinase anchoring protein; EPAC, exchange protein directly activated by …

Intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotide second messengers are regulated predominantly by
the complex superfamily of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes. Recent …

The cAMP-specific PDE4 family consists of four genes, each expressed as several splice
variants. These variants are termed long and short forms depending on the presence or …