Abstract The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is widely used to screen for mild
cognitive impairment (MCI). While there are many available versions, the cross-cultural …

This chapter addresses the methodological issues associated with equivalence and bias in
cross-cultural research. These issues are a consequence of the nonexperimental nature of …

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is used as an indicator of visual scanning, graphomotor speed,
and executive function. The aim of this study was to examine the TMT relationships with …

In recent years, the increased awareness of researchers on the importance of choosing
appropriate methods for the quantitative analysis of cross-cultural data can be clearly seen …

As part of the Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA project), we provide
age-and education-adjusted norms for the following instruments: verbal span (digits) …

Objective The Trail making test (TMT) is culture-loaded because of reliance on the Latin
alphabet, limiting its application in Eastern populations. The Shape Trail Test (STT) has …

Objective: With the increasing diversification of the American population, the discipline of
neuropsychology is challenged to develop appropriate tools and conceptual models to meet …

Cultural variables exert a powerful effect on test performance. This effect is now largely
recognized in the field of neuropsychology, although rather underestimated. This paper has …

Objective: Over the past decades European societies have become increasingly diverse.
This diversity in culture, education, and language significantly impacts neuropsychological …

OBJECTIVE: To generate normative data on the Trail Making Test (TMT) across 11 countries
in Latin America, with countryspecific adjustments for gender, age, and education, where …