Preterm infants are exposed to frequent painful procedures and agitating stimuli over the
many weeks of their hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The adverse …

The prevention, assessment, and treatment of neonatal pain and agitation continues to
challenge clinicians and researchers. Substantial progress has been made in the past three …

Very preterm human neonates are exposed to numerous invasive procedures as part of life-
saving care. Evidence suggests that repetitive neonatal procedural pain precedes long-term …

Aim Continuous pain occurs routinely, even after invasive procedures, or inflammation and
surgery, but clinical practices associated with assessments of continuous pain remain …

Background Non‐invasive respiratory support is increasingly used for the management of
respiratory dysfunction in preterm infants. This approach runs the risk of under‐treating …

Despite the advances in neonatal intensive care, the preterm brain remains vulnerable to
white matter injury (WMI) and disruption of normal brain development (ie, dysmaturation) …

Importance Extremely preterm (EP) infants frequently receive opioids and/or
benzodiazepines, but these drugs' association with neurodevelopmental outcomes is poorly …

Background and aims Although sedation for endotracheal intubation of infants is widely
adopted, there is no consensus whether sedation should be used for minimal invasive …

Bedside caregivers assess infants' pain at constant intervals by observing specific
behavioral and physiological signs of pain. This standard has two main limitations. The first …

Very preterm infants may manifest neurodevelopmental impairments, even in the absence of
brain lesions. Pathogenesis is complex and multifactorial. Evidence suggests a role of early …