This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …

The ocean holds vast quantities of carbon that it continually exchanges with the atmosphere
through the air-sea interface. Because of its enormous size and relatively rapid exchange of …

Abstract The Carbonate rock weathering Carbon Sink (CCS) and Silicate rock weathering
Carbon Sink (SCS) play a significant role in the carbon cycle and global climate change …

Concealed deep beneath the oceans is a carbon conveyor belt, propelled by plate tectonics.
Our understanding of its modern functioning is underpinned by direct observations, but its …

Mountain building results in high erosion rates and the interaction of rocks with the
atmosphere, water and life. Carbon transfers that result from increased erosion could control …

Silicate rock weathering maintains a stable and long‐term absorption of CO2. However, the
magnitude, spatial pattern, and evolution characteristics of global silicate rock weathering …

Many aspects of deep-time Earth System models, including mantle convection,
paleoclimatology, paleobiogeography and the deep Earth carbon cycle, require high …

The element silicon (Si) is required for the growth of silicified organisms in marine
environments, such as diatoms. These organisms consume vast amounts of Si together with …

Calcination of carbonate rocks during the manufacture of cement produced 5% of global
CO2 emissions from all industrial process and fossil-fuel combustion in 2013,. Considerable …