Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and
pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is actively released in the extracellular environment in
response to tissue damage and cellular stress. Through the activation of P2X and P2Y …

TNFα is crucially involved in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis,
myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure. The formation and release of TNFα …

Epigenetic modifications, including changes in DNA methylation, lead to altered gene
expression and thus may underlie epileptogenesis via induction of permanent changes in …

A 2B adenosine receptors are increasingly recognized as important orchestrators of
inflammation. A 2B receptor activation promotes the inflammatory response of mast cells …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease that is associated with a number of
genetic and environmental risk factors, is characterized by progressive fibrosis and …

TNFα is a pleotropic cytokine that initiates many downstream signaling pathways, including
NF-κB activation, MAP kinase activation and the induction of both apoptosis and necrosis …

Sepsis is a highly fatal disease caused by an initial hyperinflammatory response followed by
a state of profound immunosuppression. Although it is well appreciated that the initial …

Pathological angiogenesis is a key feature of many diseases including retinopathies such as
ROP (retinopathy of prematurity) and DR (diabetic retinopathy). There is considerable …

The differentiation of osteoblasts from their precursors, mesenchymal stem cells, is an
important component of bone homeostasis as well as fracture healing. The A2B adenosine …