Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the …

A large number of medically important viruses, including HIV, hepatitis C virus, and
influenza, have RNA genomes. These viruses replicate with extremely high mutation rates …

Robustness is characterized by the invariant expression of a phenotype in the face of a
genetic and/or environmental perturbation. Although phenotypic variance is a central …

The theory of evolution links random variation and selection to incremental adaptation. In a
different intellectual domain, learning theory links incremental adaptation (eg, from positive …

Deformed wing virus (DWV; Iflaviridae) is one of many viruses infecting honeybees and one
of the most heavily investigated due to its close association with honeybee colony collapse …

RNA viruses provide unique insights into the patterns and processes of evolutionary change
in real time. The study of viral evolution is especially topical given the growing awareness …

Evolutionary game theory is a successful mathematical framework geared towards
understanding the selective pressures that affect the evolution of the strategies of agents …

Many viruses, including the clinically relevant RNA viruses HIV (human immunodeficiency
virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus), exist in large populations and display high genetic …

Why isn't random variation always deleterious? Are there factors that sometimes make
adaptation easier? Biological systems are extraordinarily robust to perturbation by …

Life is that which replicates and evolves, but there is no consensus on how life emerged. We
advocate a systems protobiology view, whereby the first replicators were assemblies of …