The gut microbiota acts as a symbiotic microecosystem that plays an indispensable role in
the regulation of a number of metabolic processes in the host by secreting secondary …

Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver (primary BA) starting from
cholesterol. In the small intestine, BA act as strong detergents for emulsification …

Background Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by the disturbance of bile acids
homeostasis, which further deteriorates ALD. Bile acid metabolism and its related signal …

Background The liver disorders caused by alcohol abuse are termed alcoholic-related liver
disease (ALD), including alcoholic steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis alcoholic hepatitis …

Scope While probiotics‐based therapies have exhibited potential in alleviating alcohol‐
associated liver disease (ALD), the specific role of postbiotics derived from Lactobacillus …

Bile acids (BAs) are the major components of bile and products of cholesterol metabolism.
Cholesterol is catalyzed by a variety of enzymes in the liver to form primary BAs, which are …

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), including outer membrane vesicles, have emerged
as a promising new class of vaccines and therapeutics to treat cancer and inflammatory …

The biological barriers of the body, such as the blood–brain, placental, intestinal, skin, and
air‐blood, protect against invading viruses and bacteria while providing necessary physical …

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is an intricate disease that results in a broad
spectrum of liver damage. The presentation of ALD can include simple steatosis …

Liver cirrhosis is the end‐stage of chronic liver disease, characterized by inflammation,
necrosis, advanced fibrosis, and regenerative nodule formation. Long‐term inflammation …