Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high mortality and disability, with a substantial
socioeconomic burden. With the standardization of the treatment process, there is increasing …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with a well-documented
role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, TLR activation has also …

Cognitive dysfunction is often reported in patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) syndrome, but its underlying mechanisms are not completely understood …

Intracerebral hemorrhage following blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption resulting from
thrombolysis of ischemic stroke with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains a critical …

Astrocytes are essential for normal brain development and functioning. They respond to
brain injury and disease through a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis, where the …

The immune response plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diseases. Toll-like receptor
4 (TLR4), as an intrinsic immune receptor, exhibits widespread in vivo expression and its …

Increasing evidence suggests synaptic dysfunction is a central and possibly triggering factor
in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Despite this, we still know very little about the …

Glial cell polarization plays a pivotal role in various neurological disorders. In response to
distinct stimuli, glial cells undergo polarization to either mitigate neurotoxicity or facilitate …

Neuroinflammation, characterized by a complex interplay among innate and adaptive
immune responses within the central nervous system (CNS), is crucial in responding to …

Background and Purpose: Neuroinflammation has been shown to play a critical role in
secondary craniocerebral injury, leading to poor outcomes for TBI patients. Abrocitinib, a …