Low back pain (LBP), as a leading cause of disability, is a common musculoskeletal disorder
that results in major social and economic burdens. Recent research has identified …

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular organ of the body. It is composed of
three parts: the nucleus pulposus (NP), the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the cartilaginous …

Intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation and degeneration contributes significantly to low back
pain (LBP), of which the molecular pathogenesis is not fully understood. Disc herniation may …

Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal symptom, which can be developed in
multiple clinical diseases. It is widely recognized that intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration …

The intervertebral disc (IVD) aids in motion and acts to absorb energy transmitted to the
spine. With little inherent regenerative capacity, degeneration of the intervertebral disc …

Macrophage infiltration and polarization have been increasingly observed in intervertebral
disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD). However, their biological roles in IDD are still unrevealed. We …

The accumulation of macrophages in degenerated discs is a common phenomenon.
However, the roles and mechanisms of M2a macrophages in intervertebral disc …

Background. Both inflammatory factors and immune response play important roles in the
pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, a comprehensive analysis …

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a major cause of sciatica. Emerging evidence indicated that
inflammation induced by the herniated nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues plays a major role in …

Epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a common therapeutic approach for managing sciatica
caused by lumbar disc herniation (LDH). However, the short duration of therapeutic efficacy …