Tumor immunotherapy is only effective in a fraction of patients due to a low response rate
and severe side effects, and these challenges of immunotherapy in clinics can be addressed …

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising cancer treatment modality. Despite the rapid
progress in cancer immunotherapy, the therapeutic efficiency and clinical translation of …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the
oxidation of L-tryptophan. Functionally, IDO1 has played a pivotal role in cancer immune …

Background Patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and
neck have few treatment options. We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and antitumour …

Tumorigenesis is dependent on the reprogramming of cellular metabolism as both direct
and indirect consequence of oncogenic mutations. A common feature of cancer cell …

Significant progress has been made in cancer immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors
targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)–programmed death-ligand 1 signaling …

While chemotherapy delivery by nanocarriers has modestly improved the survival prospects
of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), additional engagement of the immune …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress inflammation and regulate immune system activity. In
patients with systemic or organ-specific autoimmune diseases or those receiving …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting metabolic enzyme that
converts the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) into downstream catabolites known as …

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent belonging to the group of oxazaphosporines. As
cyclophosphamide is in clinical use for more than 40 years, there is a lot of experience using …