Optical tweezers have become the method of choice in single-molecule manipulation
studies. In this Primer, we first review the physical principles of optical tweezers and the …

The covalent immobilisation of enzymes generally involves the use of highly reactive
crosslinkers, such as glutaraldehyde, to couple enzyme molecules to each other or to …

We summarize in this article the experiments which have been performed to test the
theoretical findings in stochastic thermodynamics such as fluctuation theorem, Jarzynski …

We provide a strategy for the exact inference of the average as well as the fluctuations of the
entropy production in nonequilibrium systems in the steady state, from the measurements of …

The total entropy production quantifies the extent of irreversibility in thermodynamic systems,
which is nonnegative for any feasible dynamics. When additional information such as the …

The discovery of the DNA double helix has revolutionized our understanding of data
processing in living systems, with the complementarity of the two DNA strands providing a …

Full article: Martingales for physicists: a treatise on stochastic thermodynamics and beyond
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We consider the paradigm of an overdamped Brownian particle in a potential well, which is
modulated through an external protocol, in the presence of stochastic resetting. Thus, in …

The relation between entropy and information dates back to the classical Maxwell demon
paradox, a thought experiment proposed in 1867 by James Clerk Maxwell to violate the …

Nonequilibrium processes of small systems such as molecular machines are ubiquitous in
biology, chemistry, and physics but are often challenging to comprehend. In the past two …