The side effects of systemic chemotherapy used to treat cancer are often severe. For
decades, oncologists have focused on treating the tumor, which may result in damage to the …

Urological cancers are among the most common malignancies around the world. In
particular, bladder cancer severely threatens human health due to its aggressive and …

BCG immunotherapy is the gold-standard treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
at high risk of recurrence or progression. Preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that a …

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine that has the
ability to induce non-specific cross-protection against pathogens that might be unrelated to …

The human gut microbiome modulates many host processes, including metabolism,
inflammation, and immune and cellular responses. It is becoming increasingly apparent that …

The three endogenous gaseous transmitters—nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and
hydrogen sulfide (H2S)—regulate a number of key biological functions. Emerging data have …

The prognostic impact of program death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression still needs to be
defined in urothelial carcinoma (UC). In this study, we report that PD-L1 is widely expressed …

Abstract Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the most effective intravesical immunotherapy for
superficial bladder cancer. Although generally well tolerated, BCG-related infectious …

Over the past decade, immune therapy has become a standard treatment for a variety of
cancers. Monoclonal antibodies, immune adjuvants, and vaccines against oncogenic …

Although immune-based therapy is proving to be a success in several cancer types, only a
set of patients appear to respond to immune checkpoint blockade including PD-1 and CTLA …