A virtual water flow meter is developed that uses the chilled water control valve on an air-
handling unit as a measurement device. The flow rate of water through the valve is …

The widespread development and application of virtual sensors in buildings will play an
important role in promoting industry change and achieving smart buildings. In this study, a …

The main purpose of this research is to suggest a virtual water flowmeter applicable in
hydraulic systems with low-cost sensors. Practical procedures for realizing virtual water …

Heating ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in North America are major users
of energy in commercial and institutional buildings. Although modern monitoring strategies …

This research focuses on addressing the limitations of conventional physical sensors and
developing a virtual water flow rate prediction technology. With HVAC systems being …

Robust, low-cost nonintrusive flow meters are of interest in many industries. In particular, a
reliable nonintrusive flow measurement for the diagnosis of air leaks in compressed air …

Water flow rates are key controlled variables in chilled and hot water systems. The water
flow rate through a pump can be virtually determined using a measured pump head and …

This paper introduces a hybrid method that integrates physical laws, system knowledge and
real-time measured data in order to develop a computational efficient cooling coil model that …

Ongoing commissioning of commercial and institutional buildings relies on the available
trend data from a building automation systems (BAS) to be able to monitor the buildings …

In this study, we developed a virtual air flow sensor using an in-situ damper performance
curve to secure the stability of control of the variable air volume (VAV) terminal unit, and also …