In the 20th century, researchers studying animal and plant signaling pathways discovered a
protein domain that is shared across diverse innate immune systems: the Toll/interleukin …

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are intracellular immune
receptors that are activated by their direct or indirect interactions with virulence effectors …

Plant pathogen–activated immune signaling by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat
(NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain converges on …

Cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP)–ribose (cADPR) isomers are signaling molecules
produced by bacterial and plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains via nicotinamide …

The human intestinal microbiome has coevolved with its host to establish a stable
homeostatic relationship with hallmark features of mutualistic symbioses, yet the mechanistic …

Plant pathogens compromise crop yields. Plants have evolved robust innate immunity that
depends in part on intracellular Nucleotide‐binding, Leucine rich‐Repeat (NLR) immune …

Plants coordinately use cell‐surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive
pathogens and mount an immune response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are …

Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain proteins function in cell death and immunity. In
plants and bacteria, TIR domains are often enzymes that produce isomers of cyclic …

To counter pathogen invasion, plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,
including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular …

Nucleotide‐binding domain leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are important
components of plant and metazoan innate immunity that can function as individual units or …