The widespread use of antibiotics results in the generation of antibiotic concentration
gradients in humans, livestock and the environment. Thus, bacteria are frequently exposed …

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are a diverse group of mobile genetic elements
found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These elements primarily reside in …

The metabolic pathways encoded by the human gut microbiome constantly interact with host
gene products through numerous bioactive molecules. Primary bile acids (BAs) are …

The immune system responds vigorously to microbial infection while permitting lifelong
colonization by the microbiome. Mechanisms that facilitate the establishment and stability of …

Cooperative phenotypes are considered central to the functioning of microbial communities
in many contexts, including communication via quorum sensing, biofilm formation, antibiotic …

Horizontal transfer of genomic islands (GEIs), that is, chromosomal regions encoding
functions that can be advantageous for the host, plays a key role in bacterial evolution, but …

Tetracycline has been a widely used antibiotic because of its low toxicity and broad
spectrum of activity. However, its clinical usefulness has been declining because of the …

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are multiprotein complexes best studied in Gram-
negative pathogens where they have been shown to inhibit or kill prokaryotic or eukaryotic …

The human gastrointestinal tract consists of a dense and diverse microbial community, the
composition of which is intimately linked to health. Extrinsic factors such as diet and host …

Conjugative transposons are integrated DNA elements that excise themselves to form a
covalently closed circular intermediate. This circular intermediate can either reintegrate in …