Membrane lipid homeostasis is a vital facet of bacterial cell physiology. For decades,
research in bacterial lipid synthesis was largely confined to the Escherichia coli model …

Highlights•B. subtilis encodes seven ECF σ factors that activate cell envelope stress
responses (CESR).•σ W coordinates resistance to bacteriocins and membrane-active …

When bacteria experience growth-limiting environmental conditions, the synthesis of the
hyperphosphorylated guanosine derivatives (p) ppGpp is induced by enzymes of the …

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen that colonizes about 20% of the human
population. Intriguingly, this Gram-positive bacterium can survive and thrive under a wide …

The nutritional alarmones ppGpp and pppGpp (collectively:(p) ppGpp) are nucleotide-based
second messengers enabling bacteria to respond to environmental and stress conditions …

RN ase J1 is the major 5′‐to‐3′ bacterial exoribonuclease. We demonstrate that in its
absence, RNA polymerases (RNAP s) are redistributed on DNA, with increased RNAP …

Small heat shock proteins (sHsp) occur in all domains of life. By interacting with misfolded or
aggregated proteins these chaperones fulfill a protective role in cellular protein …

Abstract σ 25 is an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factor in the bacterium Streptomyces
avermitilis that plays a differential regulatory role in avermectin and oligomycin biosynthesis …

In B acillus subtilis, the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors σ M, σ W and σ X all
contribute to resistance against lantibiotics. Nisin, a model lantibiotic, has a dual mode of …

The bacterial cell wall separates the cell from its surrounding and protects it from
environmental stressors. Its integrity is maintained by a highly regulated process of cell wall …