Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

In conditions of constant illumination, the eye pupil diameter indexes the modulation of
arousal state and responds to a large breadth of cognitive processes, including mental effort …

Changes in pupil diameter can reflect high-level cognitive signals that depend on central
neuromodulatory mechanisms. However, brain mechanisms that adjust pupil size are also …

The locus coeruleus (LC) has established functions in both attention and respiration. Good
attentional performance requires optimal levels of tonic LC activity, and must be matched to …

Abstract Language processing is cognitively demanding, requiring attentional resources to
efficiently select and extract linguistic information as utterances unfold. Previous research …

A Handbook of Process Tracing Methods demonstrates how to better understand decision
outcomes by studying decision processes, through the introduction of a number of exciting …

The goal of the present study is to understand the role orthographic and semantic
information play in the behavior of skilled readers. Reading latencies from a self-paced …

Reward-related stimuli can potently influence behavior; for example, exposure to drug-
paired cues can trigger drug use and relapse in people with addictions. Psychological …

There is growing interest in how neuromodulators shape brain networks. Recent
neuroimaging studies provide evidence that brainstem arousal systems, such as the locus …

Understanding the main factors contributing to individual differences in fluid intelligence is
one of the main challenges of psychology. A vast body of research has evolved from the …