The concept of cell death has been expanded beyond apoptosis and necrosis to additional
forms, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These cell death …

Vascular calcification is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. The location, density, and confluence
of calcification may change portions of the arterial conduit to a noncompliant structure …

In the present review, we describe the causes and consequences of loss of vascular smooth
muscle cells (VSMCs) or their function in advanced atherosclerotic plaques and discuss …

Angiogenesis has traditionally been viewed from the perspective of how endothelial cells
(ECs) coordinate migration and proliferation in response to growth factor activation to form …

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, and an
important pathological basis of coronary heart disease. Endothelial cells, vascular smooth …

Increased production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, accumulation of
mitochondrial DNA damage, and progressive respiratory chain dysfunction are associated …

Obesity predisposes individuals to the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
and the liver, and researchers have recently proposed two mechanisms by which excess …

Rupture of atherosclerotic plaque has been identified as the proximate event in the majority
of cases of acute ischemic syndromes. Plaque rupture exposes thrombogenic components …

Various autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), including rheumatoid arthritis,
spondyloarthritis, vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus, are associated with …

Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for metabolic disorders including diabetes and
cardiovascular disease. Sphingolipids such as ceramide and glucosylceramides, while …