G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human
genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs …

Opioids are powerful drugs that usurp and overpower the reward function of endogenous
opioids and engage dramatic tolerance and withdrawal via molecular and neurocircuitry …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm is a well-established model utilized to
study the role of context associations in reward-related behaviors, including both natural …

Migraine is a common, chronic, disorder that is typically characterized by recurrent disabling
attacks of headache and accompanying symptoms, including aura. The aetiology is …

The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the
desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), have …

The locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) system is one of the first systems engaged
following a stressful event. While numerous groups have demonstrated that LC-NE neurons …

Allostasis, or stability through change, has most often been linked with challenges to
homeostasis, in which repeated challenges or stressors produce sufficient allostatic load to …

Advancing perovskite solar cell technologies toward their theoretical power conversion
efficiency (PCE) requires delicate control over the carrier dynamics throughout the entire …

Opioid receptors have been targeted for the treatment of pain and related disorders for
thousands of years, and remain the most widely used analgesics in the clinic. Mu (μ), kappa …