The infective SARS-CoV-2 is more prone to immune escape. Presently, the significant
variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging in due course of time with substantial mutations …

Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, exploit cellular pathways and resources in a
variety of fascinating ways. A striking example of this is the remodelling of intracellular …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called primary liver cancer) is one of the most fatal
cancers in the world. Due to the insidiousness of the onset of HCC and the lack of effective …

Rationale: Many viral infections are known to activate the p38 mitogen-activated protein
kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. However, the role of p38 activation in viral infection and …

Viral infections can cause rampant disease in human beings, ranging from mild to acute, that
can often be fatal unless resolved. An acute viral infection is characterized by sudden or …

Exosomes are messengers of intercellular communication in monolayer vesicles derived
from cells. It affects the pathophysiological process of the body in various diseases, such as …

Hepatitis viruses are chief pathogens of hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Their
replication and related pathogenic process highly rely on the host micro-environment and …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is remarkably efficient in establishing viral persistence,
leading to the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Direct …

In recent years, knowledge on the biology and pathobiology of extracellular vesicles (EVs)
has exploded. EVs are submicron membrane-bound structures secreted from different cell …

Replication and amplification of the viral genome is a key process for all viruses. For
hepatitis C virus (HCV), a positive-strand RNA virus, amplification of the viral genome …