Opiate abuse and HIV-1 have been described as interrelated epidemics, and even in the
advent of combined anti-retroviral therapy, the additional abuse of opiates appears to result …

With the current national opioid crisis, it is critical to examine the mechanisms underlying
pathophysiologic interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids in …

The development of analgesic tolerance to opioids is an important limitation in the
management of chronic pain. Spinal cord glial cell activation appears to play a pivotal role in …

Considerable insight has been gained into the comorbid, interactive effects of HIV and drug
abuse in the brain using experimental models. This review, which considers opiates …

The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in transforming the lives of HIV-
infected individuals with access to these drugs is tempered by the increasing threat of HIV …

The three opioid receptors, mu, delta and kappa all mediate analgesia, and knockout mice
with opioid receptor deletion have proven unique tools to investigate in vivo opioid …

Abstract Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), individuals who self-identify as Non-
Hispanic Blacks (NHBs) in the United States experience more severe and disabling chronic …

Background Injection drug use is a growing major public health concern. Injection drug
users (IDUs) have a higher incidence of co-morbidities including HIV, Hepatitis, and other …

The μ-opioid receptor (MOR) is known to undergo extensive alternative splicing as
numerous splice variants of MOR have been identified. However, the functional significance …

Objective: We previously examined the expression of specific C-terminal μ-opioid receptor
(MOR) splice variants in human central nervous system cell types and HIV-infected brain …