Natural language is often seen as the single factor that explains the cognitive singularity of
the human species. Instead, we propose that humans possess multiple internal languages …

Neuroscience research is undergoing a minor revolution. Recent advances in machine
learning and artificial intelligence research have opened up new ways of thinking about …

The recent advent of large language models has reinvigorated debate over whether human
cognitive capacities might emerge in such generic models given sufficient training data. Of …

Mental representations remain the central posits of psychology after many decades of
scrutiny. However, there is no consensus about the representational format (s) of biological …

Humans can attribute beliefs to others. However, it is unknown to what extent this ability
results from an innate biological endowment or from experience accrued through child …

The higher-order theory (HOT) of consciousness has often been misunderstood by critics.
Here, we clarify its position on several issues, and distinguish it from other views, such as …

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been instrumental in making discoveries about
cognition, brain function, and dysfunction. However, where do EEG signals come from and …

The nervous system—in particular, the brain and its cognitive abilities—is among humans'
most distinctive and impressive attributes. How the nervous system has changed in the …

An account of the different ways in which things have become cognitive extensions of the
human body, from prehistory to the present. An increasingly influential school of thought in …

In various cultures and at all spatial scales, humans produce a rich complexity of geometric
shapes such as lines, circles or spirals. Here, we propose that humans possess a language …