Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

Since its discovery in 1975, TNFα has been a subject of intense study as it plays significant
roles in both immunity and cancer. Such attention is well deserved as TNFα is unique in its …

Pain is a hallmark of tissue injury, inflammatory diseases, pathogen invasion and
neuropathy. It is mediated by nociceptor sensory neurons that innervate the skin, joints …

Wound treatment has increased in importance in the wound care sector due to the
pervasiveness of chronic wounds in the high-risk population including, but not limited to …

Pain is a manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that is mediated by inflammatory and non-
inflammatory mechanisms and negatively affects quality of life. Recent findings from a Phase …

In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on
persistent tissue-injury (inflammatory), nerve-injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Opioids produce strong analgesia but their use is limited by a paradoxical hypersensitivity
named opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) that may be associated to analgesic tolerance. In …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central regulator of immunity. Due to its dominant pro-
inflammatory effects, drugs that neutralize TNF were developed and are clinically used to …