Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are a key structure of the distal lung epithelium, where they exert
their innate immune response and serve as progenitors of alveolar type I (ATI) cells …

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise different fibrotic lung disorders characterized by
cellular proliferation, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. The JAK/STAT molecular pathway …

Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AT2) are a heterogeneous population that have critical
secretory and regenerative roles in the alveolus to maintain lung homeostasis. However …

Activation of TGF-β1 initiates a program of temporary collagen accumulation important to
wound repair in many organs. However, the outcome of temporary extracellular matrix …

While the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the medical and
scientific communites since it was first reported in late 2019, we are only beginning to …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine essential for the induction of the fibrotic
response and for the activation of the cancer stroma. Strong evidence suggests that a strong …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its
expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad …

Regulated cell death is a major mechanism to eliminate damaged, infected, or superfluous
cells. Previously, apoptosis was thought to be the only regulated cell death mechanism; …

During acute or chronic lung injury, inappropriate immune response and/or aberrant repair
process causes irreversible damage in lung tissue and most usually results in the …

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy has shown promise in experimental models
of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic effects …