The trigeminal nerve (V) is the fifth and largest of all cranial nerves, and it is responsible for
detecting sensory stimuli that arise from the craniofacial area. The nerve is divided into three …

Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is an incapacitating disorder that impacts a substantial
proportion of stroke survivors and can diminish their quality of life. Conventional therapies …

Background Current standard of care for trigeminal neuralgia is treatment with the sodium
channel blockers carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, which although effective are …

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are transmembrane proteins that are activated by
the neurotransmitter glutamate and are found at most excitatory vertebrate synapses …

Pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites are found in natural and wastewater.
However, investigation of their toxic effects on aquatic animals has been neglected …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent and disabling joint disease, characterized by
pathological progressive joint deformation and clinical symptoms of pain. Disease-modifying …

Importance There is a need for more effective pharmacotherapy for chronic pain, including
pain in inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) in which gain-of-function mutations of sodium …

The current treatment of neuropathic pain (NP) is unsatisfactory; therefore, effective novel
agents or combination-based analgesic therapies are needed. Herein, oral tolperisone …

Biological activities require a delicate balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in
the brain. Disruption of this balance could lead to neurological disorders, such as …

Resistance to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is a major clinical problem. The overexpression of
P-glycoprotein (Pgp), one of the main transporters limiting the entry of xenobiotics into the …