All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately
respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern …

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of polyhydroxylated plant steroid hormones that are
crucial for many aspects of a plant's life. BRs were originally characterized for their function …

Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water
transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land …

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) play crucial roles in plant
immunity, growth, and development. Plants deploy a large number of RLKs and RLPs as …

Receptor kinases (RKs) are of paramount importance in transmembrane signaling that
governs plant reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to diverse environmental …

Despite being sessile organisms constantly exposed to potential pathogens and pests,
plants are surprisingly resilient to infections. Plants can detect invaders via the recognition of …

Plant growth regulators are naturally biosynthesized chemicals in plants that influence
physiological processes. Their synthetic analogous trigger numerous biochemical and …

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that are essential for plant growth and
development. These hormones control the division, elongation and differentiation of various …

Brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) are two predominant hormones regulating plant
cell elongation. A defect in either of these leads to reduced plant growth and dwarfism …

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are natural plant hormones critical for growth and development. BR
deficient or signaling mutants show significantly shortened root phenotypes. However, for a …