▪ Abstract In the two decades since Janzen described how to be a fig, more than 200 papers
have appeared on fig wasps (Agaonidae) and their host plants (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Fig …

The intimate mutualism between fig wasps and figs has long captivated biologists, and new
phylogenies are now uncovering its evolutionary history. Fig-pollinating wasps evolved just …

Like altruism, mutualism, cooperation between species, evolves only by enhancing all
participants' inclusive fitness. Mutualism evolves most readily between members of different …

Mutualisms are of central importance in biological systems. Despite growing attention in
recent years, however, few conceptual themes have yet to be identified that span …

In several highly specialized plant-insect interactions, scent-mediated specificity of pollinator
attraction is directed by the emission and detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) …

Mutualisms are interspecies interactions in which each participant gains net benefits from
interacting with its partner. In nursery pollination mutualisms, pollinators reproduce within …

Figs and fig wasps form one of the best known examples of species-specific mutualism and
coevolution. Recent experiments and observations have led to a better understanding of the …

Floral scents have been suggested to play a key role in the obligate pollination mutualism
between figs and fig wasps. However, few studies have determined whether pollinator …

The high diversity of mutualisms has probably limited the development of a general theory
about their evolution and their stability. Here we review conflicts of interests occurring in the …

This is the first comparative study of correlated evolution between figs (Ficus species,
Moraceae) and their pollinators (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) based on molecular …