Many outer solar system bodies are thought to harbor liquid water oceans beneath their ice
shells. This article first reviews how such oceans are detected. We then discuss how they …

Abstract The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package HP 3 for the InSight mission will
attempt the first measurement of the planetary heat flow of Mars. The data will be taken at the …

The detection of liquid water by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere
Sounding (MARSIS) at the base of the south polar layered deposits in Ultimi Scopuli has …

Comparing compositional models of the terrestrial planets provides insights into
physicochemical processes that produced planet-scale similarities and differences. The …

A committee of the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) has reviewed and
updated the description of Special Regions on Mars as places where terrestrial organisms …

Mars accumulated and differentiated into crust, mantle and core within a few tens of millions
of years of Solar System formation. Formation of Hellas, which has been adopted as the …

Lobate features abutting massifs and escarpments in the middle latitudes of Mars have been
recognized in images for decades, but their true nature has been controversial, with …

Abstract The Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport
(InSight) Mission will focus on Mars' interior structure and evolution. The basic structure of …

The Martian cryosphere is defined as that region of the crust where the temperature remains
continuously below the freezing point of water. Previous estimates of its present thickness …

Subsurface radar sounding data indicate that lobate debris aprons found in Deuteronilus
Mensae in the mid‐northern latitudes of Mars are composed predominantly of water ice. The …