Nicotine is a highly addictive drug found in tobacco that drives its continued use despite the
harmful consequences. The initiation of nicotine abuse involves the mesolimbic dopamine …

An aversive abstinence syndrome manifests 4–24 h following cessation of chronic use of
nicotine-containing products. Symptoms peak on approximately the 3rd day and taper off …

Adaptation of the nervous system to different chemical and physiologic conditions is
important for the homeostasis of brain processes and for learning and remembering …

A century after the discovery of acetylcholine (ACh), we recognize both ACh receptors,
transporters, and synthesizing and degrading enzymes and regulators of their expression as …

Waterpipe smoking and e-cigarette vaping, the non-combustible sources of inhaled nicotine
exposure are increasingly becoming popular and marketed as safer alternative to cigarette …

The cholinergic system plays an essential role in brain development, physiology, and
pathophysiology. Herein, we review how specific alterations in this system, through genetic …

Neuronal nAChRs in the medial habenula (MHb) to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN)
pathway are key mediators of nicotine's aversive properties. In this paper, we report new …

Upregulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) is a venerable result of
chronic exposure to nicotine; but it is one of several consequences of pharmacological …

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR s) modulate the growth and structure of neurons
throughout the nervous system. Ligand stimulation of the α7 nAChR has been shown to …

Upregulation of β2 subunit-containing (β2*) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is
implicated in several aspects of nicotine addiction, and menthol cigarette smokers tend to …