For quantifying and modelling of landscape patterns, the patch matrix model (PMM) and the
gradient model (GM) are fundamental concepts of landscape ecology. While the PMM model …

Marine environmental monitoring has tended to focus on site-specific methods of
investigation. These traditional methods have low spatial and temporal resolution and are …

Mountains in western China, hosted rich biodiversity and millions of people and inhabitant
with vital ecosystem services, had experienced the most serious biodiversity loss with fragile …

Landscape patterns are important drivers of biodiversity. Owing to differences in vegetation
types, sampling methods, diversity measures, spatial scales, and landscape levels, the …

Abstract Purpose of the Review This paper reviews progress in the field of landscape
ecology related to the development of landscape metrics (ie, spatial pattern indices). We first …

China's farmland landscape fragmentation follows a distinct evolutionary tendency along the
spatial gradient “central urban areas→ urban–rural transitional areas→ rural areas” …

Habitat structure is important in explaining species diversity patterns for many animal
groups. If we could map habitat structure over large spatial scales, we could use habitat …

Rural problems are becoming increasingly prominent in sustainable development in China.
Landscape services (LSs) are an emerging concept associated with ecosystem services and …

Comprehensive maps that characterize the variation in agricultural landscapes across
Europe are lacking. In this paper we present a new Europe-wide, spatially-explicit typology …

Agro-pastoral decline in European mountain areas has recently caused changes to
traditional landscapes with negative consequences on semi-natural grassland conservation …