Aims Primary forests are critical for forest biodiversity and provide key ecosystem services. In
Europe, these forests are particularly scarce and it is unclear whether they are sufficiently …

This purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate published literature on the biology and
chemistry of lichens and their ecological, ethnopharmacological, pharmaceutical and …

The impacts of disturbance on biodiversity and distributions have been studied in many
systems. Yet, comparatively less is known about how lichens–obligate symbiotic organisms …

Natural spruce forests are restricted to the highest mountain ranges in the Czech Republic.
Spruce is also the commonest tree species in managed forests. Owing to a massive decline …

Lichens are widely used to assess the consequences of human activities, including
urbanization, which has strong influence on the structure of their communities. Our …

Lichens have a vital role in forest ecosystems and they are a threatened group in boreal
forests. However, the conservation ecology of the total lichen community has very rarely …

Epiphytic lichens are widely used to indicate old undisturbed forest stands with a long forest
history that are of outstanding interest for biodiversity conservation. Swiss forest stands …

Anthropogenic disturbances can have strong impacts on lichen communities, as well as on
individual species of lichenized fungi. Traditionally, lichen monitoring studies are based on …

Anthropogenic disturbance is rapidly increasing through habitat degradation, development,
and deforestation. Gaps remain in understanding the effects of this disturbance on diverse …

Using 642 forest plots from three regions in Germany, we analyzed the direct and indirect
effects of forest management intensity and of environmental variables on lichen functional …