Hundreds of coral paleoclimate records have been developed over the past several
decades, significantly extending the instrumental record and improving our understanding of …

Intermediate glacial states were characterized by large temperature changes in Greenland
and the North Atlantic, referred to as Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) variability, with some …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

During the last glacial–interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic
changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood …

Water-stable isotopes in polar ice cores are a widely used temperature proxy in
paleoclimate reconstruction, yet calibration remains challenging in East Antarctica. Here, we …

We present a new reconstruction of surface air temperature and sea surface temperature for
the Last Glacial Maximum. The method blends model fields and sparse proxy-based point …

Over recent decades, the rate of global mean sea-level rise has increased, although the
magnitude—tens of centimetres—remains small from a geological perspective. Such a …

Abstract How fast the Northern Hemisphere (NH) forest biome tracks strongly warming
climates is largely unknown. Regional studies reveal lags between decades and millennia …