Social complexity has been one of the recent emerging topics in the study of animal and
human societies, but the concept remains both poorly defined and understood. In this paper …

Stingless bees form perennial colonies of honey-making insects. The> 600 species of
stingless bees, mainly Neotropical, live throughout tropical latitudes. Foragers influence …

Bees are important pollinators of wild and agricultural plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and there is
increasing evidence that many bee populations decline due to a combination of habitat loss …

 Abstract Stingless bees (Meliponini) are a ubiquitous and diverse element of the pantropical
melittofauna, and have significant cultural and economic importance. This review outlines …

Division of labor among workers is common in insect societies and is thought to be important
in their ecological success. In most species, division of labor is based on age (temporal …

All social insects defend their colony from predators, parasites, and pathogens. In Oster and
Wilson's classic work, they posed one of the key paradoxes about defense in social insects …

The size–complexity hypothesis is a leading explanation for the evolution of complex life on
earth. It predicts that in lineages that have undergone a major transition in organismality …

Metal–air batteries, such as Li–air, may be the key for large‐scale energy storage as they
have the highest energy density among all electrochemical devices. However, these devices …

Simple Summary It is increasingly recognized that gut microbiota plays crucial roles in host
health and function. Various ecological and physiological factors influence the structure of …

The stingless bees represent one of the pinnacles of social organization among insects.
Among their distinguishing features are very high species diversity with extreme variation in …