Biomass is a promising renewable source that can reduce fossil fuel consumption and
associated greenhouse gas emissions, but some of its characteristics make it difficult to use …

The development of biofuels has been considered as an important countermeasure to abate
anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, suppress deteriorated atmospheric greenhouse effect, and …

Bio-oil upgrading can be achieved mainly via three types of methods that are biomass pre-
treatment, catalytic upgrading and downstream bio-oil upgrading. The article aim is to review …

Biochar, a carbon-rich and por ous material derived from waste biomass resources, has
demonstrated tremendous potential in wastewater treatment. Torrefaction technology offers …

Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis, which has been explored for the pretreatment of biomass to
increase the heating value and hydrophobicity. Due to its potential applications for making …

Biomass is a potential renewable energy source as it is abundantly available and does not
cost much. However, some property characteristics, such as high moisture content, low …

Pyrolysis is an important thermochemical route to decompose lignocellulose biomass into
biogas, bio-oil, and biochar, which can be then converted into value-added biofuels …

Palm oil industry is recognized as one of the major agriculture contributions to the abundant
production of oil palm solid wastes. These include empty fruit bunches, palm kernel shell …

Torrefaction is a developing thermal process that has mainly been used to convert
lignocellulosic feedstocks, both cultured and wasted, into a “charred” product that can be …

Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil producing country. The oil palm industry (plantation
and milling) generates large amounts of solid waste in the form of empty fruit bunches (EFB) …