The protein ubiquitin is a covalent modifier of proteins, including itself. The ubiquitin system
encompasses the enzymes required for catalysing attachment of ubiquitin to substrates as …

The B-box (BBX) proteins are a class of zinc-finger transcription factors containing a B-box
domain with one or two B-box motifs, and sometimes also feature a CCT (CONSTANS, CO …

Plants tailor their metabolism to environmental conditions, in part through the recognition of
a wide array of self and non-self molecules. In particular, the perception of microbial or plant …

Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are molecular signatures typical of whole
classes of microbes, and their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity. Endogenous …

Abiotic and biotic stresses are major limiting factors of crop yields and cause billions of
dollars of losses annually around the world. It is hoped that understanding at the molecular …

Trichoderma spp. are versatile opportunistic plant symbionts which can colonize the
apoplast of plant roots. Microarrays analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana roots inoculated with …

Abstract The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcription factor WRKY33 is essential for
defense toward the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Here, we aimed at identifying early …

Plants inhabit environments crowded with infectious microbes that pose constant threats to
their survival. Necrotrophic pathogens are notorious for their aggressive and wide-ranging …

Chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, is found in fungal cell walls but not in plants.
Plant cells can perceive chitin fragments (chitooligosaccharides) leading to gene induction …

Chitin is the second abundant polysaccharide in the world after cellulose. It is a vital
structural component of the fungal cell wall but not for plants. In plants, fungi are recognised …