Errors in probabilistic reasoning have been the focus of much psychology research and are
among the original topics of modern behavioral economics. This chapter reviews theory and …

Importance Surgeons make complex, high-stakes decisions under time constraints and
uncertainty, with significant effect on patient outcomes. This review describes the …

Advancements in novel neurotechnologies, such as brain computer interfaces (BCI) and
neuromodulatory devices such as deep brain stimulators (DBS), will have profound …

Objective. Cognitive biases can impact experts' judgments and decisions. We offer a broad
descriptive model of how bias affects human judgment. Although studies have explored the …

Background Cognitive and implicit biases of healthcare providers can lead to adverse
events in healthcare and have been identified as a patient safety concern. Most research on …

Racially or ethnically targeted events may have adverse health implications for members of
the group not directly targeted, a phenomenon known as peripheral trauma. Recent …

In this introductory chapter, I describe what constitutes the domain of cognitive illusions and
how cognitive illusions can be characterized. Much debate has evolved around the classical …

• Diagnosis is a process that is influenced by systems, cognitive, teamwork, and social
factors that may either enhance or reduce diagnostic accuracy• Clinicians can integrate …

Kidney pathophysiology is often complex, nonlinear and heterogeneous, which limits the
utility of hypothetical-deductive reasoning and linear, statistical approaches to diagnosis and …

Given the importance of perceived susceptibility to a disease in adopting preventive
behaviors, and the negative impact of optimism bias on prevention, this paper aimed to …