The notion of a representative bureaucracy has generated a great deal of research although
many issues are yet to be resolved and some have not been addressed. This theoretical …

Diversification is a widely proposed policing reform, but its impact is difficult to assess. We
used records of millions of daily patrol assignments, determined through fixed rules and …

This article reviews some recent advances in research on presidential appointments and
personnel. I focus specifically on research analyzing changes in the institutional …

Populism has become a pervasive concept in political science research. However, a central
and basic question remains unanswered: which European parties are more populist than …

Abstract The Varieties of Democracy (V–Dem) project relies on country experts who code a
host of ordinal variables, providing subjective ratings of latent-that is, not directly observable …

THIS PROJECT has been under construction since the fall of 2003. Early on in this process I
reread Hugh Heclo's A Government of Strangers. I thought to myself,“If I ever write a book …

Who determines the fuel standards for our cars? What about whether Plan B, the morning-
after pill, is sold at the local pharmacy? Many people assume such important and …

We combine personnel records of the United States federal bureaucracy from 1997 to 2019
with administrative voter registration data to study how ideological alignment between …

We apply formal, statistical measurement models to the Polity indicators, used widely in
studies of international relations to measure democracy. In so doing, we make explicit the …

Democracy is a fundamental concept of politics. Yet, like many constructs in the social
sciences, it is unobservable and poses a difficult measurement problem for quantitative …