The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing
cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a …

Bidirectional communication between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the immune
system is a crucial part of an effective but balanced mammalian response to invading …

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved, nuclear protein present in all cell
types. It is a multi-facet protein exerting functions both inside and outside of cells …

The neuroanatomical basis behind acupuncture practice is still poorly understood. Here, we
used intersectional genetic strategy to ablate NPY+ noradrenergic neurons and/or adrenal …

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of
biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous, prevalent, chronic autoimmune disease
characterized by painful swollen joints and significant disabilities. Symptomatic relief can be …

The nervous system regulates immunity and inflammation. The molecular detection of
pathogen fragments, cytokines, and other immune molecules by sensory neurons generates …

Studies bridging neuroscience and immunology have identified neural pathways that
regulate immunity and inflammation. Recent research using methodological advances in …

As an anti-inflammatory alkaloid, nicotine plays dual roles in treating diseases. Here we
reviewed the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects of nicotine on inflammatory …

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is the efferent arm of the inflammatory reflex, a
neural circuit through which the CNS can modulate peripheral immune responses. Signals …