Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that is vital to the survival,
growth, and maintenance of neurons in key brain circuits involved in emotional and …

Current analgesics predominately modulate pain transduction and transmission in neurons
and have limited success in controlling disease progression. Accumulating evidence …

The neurotrophic factor BDNF is an important regulator for the development of brain circuits,
for synaptic and neuronal network plasticity, as well as for neuroregeneration and …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

The CNS is endowed with an elaborated response repertoire termed'neuroinflammation',
which enables it to cope with pathogens, toxins, traumata and degeneration. On the basis of …

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic protein essential for the growth, differentiation,
and survival of sympathetic and sensory afferent neurons during development. A substantial …

Hyperalgesia and allodynia are frequent symptoms of disease and may be useful
adaptations to protect vulnerable tissues. Both may, however, also emerge as diseases in …

Interest in BDNF as an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal structure and function in
the adult brain has intensified in recent years. Localization of BDNF-TrkB to glutamate …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important for intracellular signal transduction
and play critical roles in regulating neural plasticity and inflammatory responses. The MAPK …