Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million
operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects …

Despite considerable advances in microsurgical techniques over the past decades, bone
tissue remains a challenging arena to obtain a satisfying functional and structural restoration …

Chitin is the most abundant aminopolysaccharide polymer occurring in nature, and is the
building material that gives strength to the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and the cell …

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is similar to natural bone regarding composition, and its structure favors
in biomedical applications. Continuous research and progress on HA nanomaterials (HA …

This review discusses and summarizes the recent developments and advances in the use of
biodegradable materials for bone repair purposes. The choice between using degradable …

Scaffolds are implants commonly used to deliver cells, drugs, and genes into the body. Their
regular porous structure ensures the proper support for cell attachment, proliferation …

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a member of the Ca apatite family. It resembles natural bone in both
structure and chemical composition. HA, owing to its bioactive and biocompatible properties …

Bone defects requiring grafts to promote healing are frequently occurring and costly
problems in health care. Chitosan, a biodegradable, naturally occurring polymer, has drawn …

Recent advancement in nanotechnology has brought prominent benefits in tissue
engineering, which has been used to repair or reconstruct damaged tissues or organs and …

Hydrogels are physically or chemically cross-linked polymer networks that are able to
absorb large amounts of water. They can be classified into different categories depending …