This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 …

Opioid dose escalation to effectively control pain is often linked to the current prescription
opioid abuse epidemic. This creates social as well as medical imperatives to better …

The gene encoding the mu‐opioid receptor (MOR) generates a remarkable diversity of
subtypes, the functional significance of which remains largely unknown. The structure of …

Opioid analgesics have less efficacy in diabetic neuropathy treatment, and tolerance often
occurs after chronic usage. Given that thalidomide can potentiate the morphine efficacy in …

We recently reported (Verzillo, et al. J. Neurochem: 130, 790–796, 2014) that chronic
systemic morphine selectively up‐regulates mRNA encoding two C‐terminal μ‐opioid …

The first signs of impairment of the structure of the rat's cerebellar cortex have been noted
already after 2 weeks of the experimental effect of nalbuphine which is manifested by the …

Opioids are our most potent antinociceptive drugs, but their use is limited by adverse effects.
Among the adverse effects are addiction, constipation and respiratory depression. In this …