The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

This review is directed at understanding how neuronal death occurs in two distinct insults,
global ischemia and focal ischemia. These are the two principal rodent models for human …

Reperfusion of ischaemic tissues is often associated with microvascular dysfunction that is
manifested as impaired endothelium‐dependent dilation in arterioles, enhanced fluid …

▪ Abstract Adenosine is a modulator that has a pervasive and generally inhibitory effect on
neuronal activity. Tonic activation of adenosine receptors by adenosine that is normally …

Calcium waves represent a widespread form of intercellular communication. Although they
have been thought for a long time to require gap junctions, we recently demonstrated that …

Adaptation is one of physiology's fundamental tenets, operating not only at the level of
species, as Darwin proposed, but also at the level of tissues, cells, molecules and, perhaps …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

A number of studies indicate that prolonged, major depression is associated with a selective
loss of hippocampal volume that persists long after the depression has resolved. This review …

Adenosine exerts two parallel modulatory roles in the CNS, acting as a homeostatic
modulator and also as a neuromodulator at the synaptic level. We will present evidence to …

This review addresses three principal questions about adenosine and sleep–wake
regulation:(1) Is adenosine an endogenous sleep factor?(2) Are there specific brain regions …