The risk assessment of chemical carcinogens is one major task in toxicology. Even though
exposure has been mitigated effectively during the last decades, low levels of carcinogenic …

Dose-response is the backbone of toxicology, and one of the most debated scientific issues
over the 20 th century. It was in the last century that the scientific community applauded the …

The phrase “what doesn't kill us makes us stronger” suggests the possibility that living
systems have evolved a spectrum of adaptive mechanisms resulting in a biological stress …

As emerging pollutants, microplastics (MPs) have been found globally in various freshwater
and marine matrices. This study recompiled 270 endpoints of 3765 individuals from 43 …

Hormesis (low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition) can be accompanied by hormetic
trade-offs, that is, stimulation of some traits and inhibition (trade-off 1) or invariability (trade …

Increasing amounts of silver iodide (AgI) in the environment are expected because of the
recent massive expansion of weather modification programs. Concurrently …

Hormesis is any kind of biphasic dose-response when low doses of some agents are
beneficial while higher doses are detrimental. Radiation hormesis is the most thoroughly …

Successful decommissioning of subsea oil and gas infrastructure requires a safe and
effective approach to assess and manage waste products. These products, often present as …

Cadmium is one of the most biotoxic substances among all heavy metals, but an increasing
number of studies indicate that low-dose Cd can induce hormesis in some plants. However …

The hallmarks of cancer have been the focus of much research and have influenced the
development of risk models for radiation-induced cancer. However, natural defenses against …