Shark is a cartilaginous fish that produces new antigen receptor (IgNAR) antibodies. This
antibody is identified with a similar human heavy chain but dissimilar sequences. The …

Conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been widely used in research and
diagnostic applications due to their high affinity and specificity. However, multiple limitations …

Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) showed the incredible advantages of small molecular
weight, excellent affinity, specificity, and stability compared with traditional IgG antibodies, so …

This chapter considers factors influencing sensitivity of lateral flow immunoassay and
modern developments that are focused on reaching lower detection limits. The existing …

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), an important clinical testing factor and drug target, can
trigger serious autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Thus, the TNFα antibodies have …

Osteoarthritis and psoriasis arthritis are two degenerative forms of arthritis that share similar
yet also different manifestations at the histological, cellular, and clinical levels …

Gluten is the ethanol-soluble protein fraction of cereal endosperms like wheat, rye, and
barley. It is widely used in the food industry because of the physical–chemical properties it …

Detection of antigenic biomarkers present in trace amounts is of crucial importance for
medical diagnosis. A parasitic disease, human toxocariasis, lacks an adequate diagnostic …

The biopanning of target-specific phages is one of the most critical steps in the preparation
of single-domain antibodies. In the traditional biopanning of haptens, the nonspecific …

Antibodies represent a relatively mature detection means and serve as therapeutic drug
carriers in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cancer—among which monoclonal …