Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity has since long been proposed to represent the
subcellular substrate of learning and memory, one of the most important behavioral …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Aβ-driven
synaptic dysfunction in the early phases of pathogenesis. In the synaptic context, the actin …

Synaptic pruning is a fundamental process of neuronal circuit refinement in learning and
memory. Accumulating evidence suggests that glia participates in sculpting the neuronal …

The Cre-loxP system is invaluable for spatial and temporal control of gene knockout,
knockin, and reporter expression in the mouse nervous system. However, we report varying …

Optogenetic approaches for studying neuronal functions have proven their utility in the
neurosciences. However, optogenetic tools capable of inducing synaptic plasticity at the …

Neurons store information by changing synaptic input weights. In addition, they can adjust
their membrane excitability to alter spike output. Here, we demonstrate a role of such …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive proteins and key tools in optogenetics. Although rhodopsin
was originally named as a red-colored pigment for vision, the modern meaning of rhodopsin …

Mutations in the gene encoding the chromatin remodeler chromodomain helicase DNA-
binding protein 8 (CHD8) are a highly penetrant risk factor for autism spectrum disorder …

Fifty years have passed since David Marr, Masao Ito, and James Albus proposed seminal
models of cerebellar functions. These models share the essential concept that parallel-fiber …

Highlights•New imaging approaches have revealed the nanoscale organization of AMPA
receptors.•AMPA receptors are partly organized in nanodomains facing glutamate release …