Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral
organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of …

The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson
disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are
overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and …

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by progressive loss of
certain populations of neurons, which eventually lead to dysfunction. These diseases …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by a loss of dopamine neurons, decreased dopamine
transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. However, this validation …

The dopaminergic system controls several vital central nervous system functions, including
the control of movement, reward behaviors and cognition. Alterations of dopaminergic …

Depression is a common mental illness, which is related to monoamine neurotransmitters
and the dysfunction of the cholinergic, immune, glutamatergic, and neuroendocrine systems …

Dopamine is one of the neurotransmitters whose transmission is altered in a number of
neural pathways in the brain of schizophrenic patients. Current evidence indicates that these …

Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-
motor symptoms which relentlessly and progressively lead to substantial disability and …