Nanomaterials (NMs) have received considerable attention in the field of agrochemicals due
to their special properties, such as small particle size, surface structure, solubility and …

Since the discovery of eukaryotic small RNAs as the main effectors of RNA interference in
the late 1990s, diverse types of endogenous small RNAs have been characterized, most …

Micro RNA s (mi RNA s) are small non‐coding RNA s, of typically 20–24 nt, that regulate
gene expression post‐transcriptionally through sequence complementarity. Since the …

Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that act as post-
transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Since their discovery in 1993, they have been …

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has developed into an indispensable approach to
gene function analysis in a wide array of species, many of which are not amenable to stable …

Viroids are small, single-stranded, circular RNAs infecting plants. Composed of only a few
hundred nucleotides and being unable to code for proteins, viroids represent the lowest …

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are processed from long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),
and a guide strand is selected and incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex …

RNA fragments deriving from tRNAs (tRFs) exist in all branches of life and the repertoire of
their biological functions regularly increases. Paradoxically, their biogenesis remains …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in gene expression regulation through RNA
cleavage or translation repression. Here, we report the identification of an evolutionarily …

Multiple antiviral immunities were developed to defend against viral infection in hosts. RNA
interference (RNAi)-based antiviral innate immunity is evolutionarily conserved in …